What’s the difference between bookkeeping and accounting? Unless you’re an accountant or bookkeeper, you may struggle to answer this question, and understandably so. On the surface, these professions are very similar: Bookkeepers and accountants both work with financial data and help you manage your finances.
There’s also a blurring of roles, with some accountants providing bookkeeping services and some bookkeepers giving strategic business advice. Plus, today, most bookkeeping software can create financial statements—a task usually reserved for accountants.
Still, accounting and bookkeeping functions are distinct. In this post, we’ll cover the differences and similarities between accountants and bookkeepers and their services so you know which to hire.
Here’s a quick summary of notable differences (and a few similarities) between bookkeeping and accounting.
Bookkeeping is a crucial first step in the accounting process. Think of bookkeepers as athletes who start the track relay. They lay the foundation for accountants by recording financial transactions. Once the first leg of the race is finished, they hand the baton—the financial information contained in ledgers and journals—to accountants to complete the race.
(That’s not to say that accountants can’t and won’t record transactions—they can and often will. This analogy simply illustrates the differences in the traditionally defined roles.)
By recording financial transactions, bookkeepers track your finances so you can view at a glance how much money is entering and leaving your business. And because they’re tax compliant, you can feel confident they’ll keep you on the straight and narrow.
But what exactly are some of the tasks bookkeepers do? Here are 6 common bookkeeping tasks:
Unlike accountants, bookkeepers don’t need specific licenses, certifications, or formal education. Many experienced and knowledgeable bookkeepers honed their skills with on-the-job training.
Some bookkeepers choose to obtain optional credentials through national organizations, such as the National Association of Certified Public Bookkeepers or the American Institute of Professional Bookkeepers.
Other bookkeepers get certified in the bookkeeping software they use with clients. For example, members of the FreshBooks Accounting Partner Program can get the FreshBooks accounting certification, which provides ongoing skills training, tools, and resources to help bookkeepers serve their clients.
These programs are beneficial for new bookkeepers who don’t have much real-world professional experience, but hiring a bookkeeper without one of those credentials can be just as effective for your business.
Bookkeepers sometimes do accounting tasks, such as generating financial reports from the accounting software, making journal entries for depreciation and accrued expenses, and more.
However, the conventional function of a bookkeeper is to record daily transactions and keep your books organized. Then they turn that bookkeeping data over to an accountant to provide analysis, advisory services, and prepare tax returns.
An accountant uses the financial data provided by a bookkeeper to interpret, analyze, and report on the financial health of the business. Because they offer more detailed insights that inform business decisions, you don’t want to hire an accountant to only record income and expenses. You’d pay more for the same service a bookkeeper could do for less and, in the process, underutilize the accountant’s expertise.
An accountant can perform dozens of services, but here are 4 core tasks that an accountant performs:
At a minimum, an accountant must have a bachelor’s degree in accounting. They may also pursue certifications to demonstrate they have the expertise required to serve their clients.
Keep in mind that a designation is not a guarantee. Even if an accountant has a degree and a certification, it doesn’t mean they are a better choice than a bookkeeper with sufficient experience.
While it can be reassuring to see letters after an individual’s name, we recommend focusing instead on finding an accountant who offers the services you need, you feel comfortable with, and trust.
In the U.S., certified public accountants (CPAs) are accountants who have specific training and education and pass a rigorous exam on business and accounting concepts and regulations.
A certified public accountant can perform a handful of accounting tasks that ordinary accountants aren’t allowed to do, such as:
CPAs may specialize in different practice areas, such as tax, auditing, personal finance planning, or business valuation services. So even though a CPA can file taxes, it doesn’t mean they do.
In the U.S., an enrolled agent (EA) is a tax preparer authorized by the IRS to represent taxpayers. To become an EA, they have to pass a 3-part comprehensive exam covering individual and business tax returns or have experience working for the IRS.
So, if you’re being audited or receive a notice from the IRS and need representation, an EA can help.
It’s important to note that some EAs only provide tax services and don’t handle other bookkeeping and accounting work.
Some accountants do a bookkeeper’s work by producing financial records from a pile of expense receipts and bank statements, then using that bookkeeping information to advise a business owner on tax planning, business strategy, and more.
However, having an accountant take on the bookkeeper’s role is usually an exception rather than the rule. Most accountants freely admit that bookkeeping is not their strength. They’re more interested in the big picture and don’t have the time or inclination to handle recording daily transactions or organizing financial documents.
Instead, an accounting firm may hire an in-house bookkeeping team or partner with their client’s bookkeeper to provide business owners with the expertise and financial support they need.
Accounting and bookkeeping are 2 vastly different professions despite the similarities and blurring of roles. Hopefully, this post helped clarify these differences and similarities to remove any confusion.
Now that you understand how bookkeeping and accounting differ, it’s time to decide which one is right for your business. While this decision is personal and depends on your needs and business goals, here are some signs it’s time to outsource your bookkeeping and accounting needs.
Working with an accountant or bookkeeper doesn’t mean losing control of your business. The best bookkeepers and accountants work with you, giving you visibility into your finances and helping you get a better understanding of your company.
This post was updated in May 2022.